Formation of Malaysia free essay sample

Malaysia is a country that practices parliamentary democracy. This means that the public will have the right to vote their leaders through elections. In the core formation of the Malaysian government, the country is led by Yang Di-pertuan Agong and then followed by the sultans of other states. The election of Yang Di-Pertuan Agong The Yang Di-Pertuan Agong is appointed once in every five years from a pool of nine Sultans who head the nine states in Malaysia. The appointment is systematic and each of the nine Sultans has the opportunity to ascend the throne of the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong based on his turn in the cycle. In the event of any of the circumstances below, a sultan will not automatically be elected as the Yang Dipertuan Agong even thought it may be his turn in the cycle: (i) If he is a minor (ii) If he has expressed his desire not to ascend the throne (iii) If he is ailing in mind and body and has been found to be unfit in any way to lead the country as the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong When the office is not occupied, the Conference of Rulers meets to elect a Sultan to fill the vacancy. We will write a custom essay sample on Formation of Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first ruler who obtains not less than 5 votes from the members in the Conference is then elected and shall hold office for a term of five years. The Role and Privileges of the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong As mentioned earlier, the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong is the supreme head of state in Malaysia and he acts on the advice of the Parliament and the Prime Minister, who heads the Cabinet. However; the appointment of the prime minister; the requisition of a meeting for the conference of rulers concerning the privileges and status of sultan and also the dissolution of Parliament (even against the advice of the prime minister) are all on his own discretion. In matters pertaining to Parliament, the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong is given the right to appoint senators on the advice of the Prime Minister. All acts that have been passed by the two main houses of Parliament have to be scrutinized by him before being made into laws. As the head of the Judicial Authority, the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong has the legal right to appoint the Chief Justice, Federal and High Court judges based on the guidelines stipulated in the Federal Constitution and acting on the advice of the Prime Minister. He is also given the privilege of pardoning wrongdoers and civil offences committed in the Federal Territories of Malaysia, and override sentences passed out by the Military Court. He is the highest commander of armed forces in the country. In states that do not have a Sultan as their head, the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong is the head of religion and thus, has the power to pardon offences and override sentences passed out by the Syariah Courts in these states. The Yang Di-Pertuan Agong also has the highest honor and is given the privilege of conferring awards, orders of chivalry and other honors. The Conference of Rulers The Conferences of Rulers was established in 1948 by the Constitution of the Federation of Malaya. It consists of nine sultans and four governors or the Yang Di-Pertua Negeri. Its main function is to appoint the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong and his Deputy. However, this task is left exclusively to the nine sultans. The Conference of Rulers has to be consulted on matters pertaining to the alteration of state boundaries, extension of the Federation, religious matters pertaining to Islam and any Bill in the Constitution which has to be amended. Matters that affect public policy or the special privileges accorded to the sultans require consultation with the Conference of Rulers. All meetings of the Conference of Rulers have to be attended by the Prime Minister, Menteri Besar of all states and Chief Ministers or Ketua Menteri with the exception of the meeting to appoint the Yang-Di-Pertuan Agong and his Deputy. Executive Authority Executive Authority refers to the power to govern the country. The Yang Di-Pertuan Agong is the head of the Executive Authority. However, he acts on the advice of the Prime Minister who heads the Cabinet. Hence, the Prime Minister is the Chief Executive and the head of the Government. The Prime Minister, Cabinet and the government administrative machinery are given the task of carrying out executive functions. The Functions of the Cabinet The Yang Di-Pertuan Agong appoints a council of Ministers to form the Cabinet to advice him on the execution of his functions as the head of the Executive Authority. They are appointed based on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Cabinet comprises the Prime Minister and a number of Ministers, all of whom must be members of either the Senate or House of Representatives. Chaired by the Prime Minister, the Cabinet, being the highest policy-making body in the country, meets regularly to formulate the policy of the government. Each Minister holds a different portfolio and is responsible collectively to Parliament for every decision made by the Cabinet. The Prime Minister and Ministers of the Cabinet The Prime Minister is the head of the Government in Malaysia and is appointed by the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong from the political party that has the majority seats in the House of Representatives. The Prime Minister has to fulfill certain criteria to fill in the position and these includes being born in Malaysia and is a citizen of the country. As the head of the cabinet, the Prime Minster is primus interpares, or in English terms, the first among equals. As the executive head of the Government, the Prime Minister answers to the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong on all matters pertaining to the Government. The main tasks of the Prime Minister are to preside over the Cabinet, coordinate policies and efforts of each portfolio in the government to aid in the smooth administration of the country. In addition, he has other constitutional and statutory obligations, including advising the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong on the appointment of judges, ministers in the Cabinet, the service Elections Commission and various senior positions in the Civil Service. Unlike the position of the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister’s position has not been established by the Federal Constitution. He is, however, the most important person after the Prime Minister who will carry out the administration process of the country whenever the Prime Minister is not present or unable to carry out his duties. GENERAL ELECTION An important aspect of the democratic system is elections. Elections in the practice of democracy constitute a social contract between the people and the candidate or party (that succeeds to form a government). When the majority of the people choose a party from among the contesting parties in an election (and the party then forms the government) it means the voters have certain expectations that the candidate will carry out. The party that wins the election and forms the government should fulfil the party’s promises and manifesto proclaimed in the election campaign. At the state level, elected representatives of the people sit in the State Legislative Assembly of each state. At the federal or national level, elected Members of Parliament sit in the Dewan Rakyat or House of Representatives. There are two types of general election. First, the general election for the whole country, held once in every five years. The next is the by-elections, also considered a general election because the concept of the election itself constitutes the choosing of a representative by the public citizens for the Parliament and the State Legislative Assembly. There are clear differences between the two types of election. The first type is only held after Parliament or the State Legislative Assembly is dissolved. The by-elections do not involve the dissolution of any of the assembly nor do they follow a fixed schedule. The general election is usually held every 5 years. Prior to carrying out the election, the Yang di-Pertuan Agung must dissolve the Parliament on the advice or at the request of the Prime Minister. This occurs at the federal level. At the State level, a general election is held after the State Legislative Assembly is dissolved by the Ruler or Yang Dipertua Negeri at the request of the Menteri Besar or Chief Minister. As soon as Parliament is dissolved, the elections must be held within 60 days in West Malaysia and within 90 days in Sabah and Sarawak. The time specified is reasonable for the Election Commission, to prepare the election arrangements and the contesting parties to get ready, hold campaigns and construct definite strategies following the regulations or laws that have been fixed from time to time. For a general election, after the Yang di-Pertuan Agung dissolves Parliament at the request of the Prime Minister, the Election Commission will issue an order to the Managing Officer to organize the balloting process (election). The responsibility of the Managing Officer is to issue a statement, through the Government Gazette or newspaper, on the date of nomination of candidate for the said election, the place and the time of election for every electoral constituency. The Election Commission also determines the date and place of balloting. Any candidate who wishes to contest must obtain a nominator, a secondary and at least four other people, whose names are recorded in the nomination paper. They must also be registered voters in the voters’ register of the constituency where the candidate is contesting. The balloting day can be held after 3 weeks from the date of nomination but cannot exceed 8 weeks. On the balloting day, all voters who qualify to vote can carry out their responsibility by casting their votes in balloting places provided. Before the balloting day arrives, the contesting parties are allowed to carry out election campaigns through political talks. The freedom of speech and assembly during the campaigns also show that the basic freedom as embodied in Article 10 of the Federal Constitution are protected in the country which ractices a democratic system of government. However, to ensure public security all political talks whether by the party that had held the reins of the government or the opposition, it is necessary to get police approval or permit. For a general election, every voter is given two sheets of ballot papers of different colours; one for the State Legislative Assembly constituency and the other for the Parliamentary constituency. On each ballot paper are s ymbols representing the contesting candidates and the space for the voter to make his choice. The responsibility of voting is completed with the voter marking ‘X’ in the space provided against the symbol representing the candidate of the voter’s choice. The ballot papers are put into separate ballot boxes for the Parliamentary constituency and the State Legislative Constituency. Election Commission Article 113 of the Federal Constitution provides that the body that is responsible for managing and administering the elections is the Election Commission. The responsibility of the Commission can be divided into three main areas: 1. Draw up the borders of the electoral constituencies . Prepare and check the voters’ lists for the elections; and 3. Manage the election process for the Parliamentary and State Legislative Assembly constituencies It is to be understood that the first responsibility is important because it is related to the increase in population and the development of settlements or the growth of small towns in a constituency. The members of t he Election Commission are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong after consultation with the Council of Rulers. The membership of the Commission is provided under Article 114 of the Federal Constitution. Its membership consists of a chairperson, a deputy and 3 other members. Members of the Commission shall hold office until they reach the age of 65 but they may resign any time by writing to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is empowered to remove any member who: †¢is an undischarged bankrupt, or †¢engages in any paid office or employment outside the duties of his office or †¢is a member of either House of Parliament or of the Legislative Assembly of a state. The Federal Constitution also provides for the appointment of one member to represent Sabah and Sarawak. This member is to be appointed in rotation from the two states. Members of the Commission may also be removed from offices for the following reasons: †¢behaviour unbecoming of this office †¢unable to discharge his duties due to: -state of his health, or -mental condition State Legislative Assembly and Parliamentary Members In a public general election the voters will choose two candidates who are deemed qualified to represent them in the Houses, that is, the State Legislative Council and the House of Representatives. The candidate, who contests in a State Legislative Council district, is known as the candidate for the State Legislative Assembly seat while for the House of Representatives, as the candidate for Parliamentary or House of Representatives seat. Those who win the elections will be designated State Legislative Assembly members or People’s Representatives depending on the level of the electoral district won. A member of the State Legislative Assemblies cannot at the same time represent more than one electoral constituency. A people’s representative too, cannot be a member for both the Parliamentary Assemblies (House of Representatives and the Senate) or represent more than one electoral district. The total membership of the State Legislative Assembly varies from state to state and this has to do with the issue of alignment of divisions or electoral constituencies determined and identified by the Election Commission authorities. The same goes for the membership of the House of Representatives. Breakdown by State of House Representative’ Membership StateMembership Perlis3 Kedah15 Kelantan 14 Terengganu8 P. Pinang13 Perak24 Pahang14 Selangor22 F. T. Kuala Lumpur11 F. T. Putrajaya1 Negeri Sembilan8 Melaka6 Johor26 F. T. Labuan1 Sabah25 Sarawak28 Total 219 The Senate Article 45 of the Federal Constitution provides that the members of the Senate also known as senators are selected and appointed. †¢2 members for each State shall be elected in accordance with the Seventh Schedule of the Federal Constitution (26 members) †¢2 members for the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and 1 member for the Federal Territory of Labuan and 1 member for the Federal Territory of Putrajaya shall be appointed by the Yang di – Pertuan Agong; and †¢40 members shall be appointed by the Yang di – Pertuan Agong Senators, who are appointed, consist of those who have rendered excellent service in the commerce, business, industry, agriculture, art or social welfare. Senators can also be appointed from those who represent minority groups or people who can represent the interests of the native tribes. The appointment of a Senator from this group is considered important in the legislative context. The vast experiences in their respective fields can help the legislative body to refine related aspects and this definitely helps the executive body in the country’s administrative matters, based on the rules in the form of acts passed by the House of Representatives. This wide experience is reinforced with the condition that a person can be appointed as a Senator from the age of 30 and above. The duration in office of a Senator is different from that of a representative of the people. The length of time in office of a member of the House of Representatives is limited by dissolution of Parliament but not a Senator. A Senator can hold his post for 3 years, even during the period Parliament is dissolved. However the post cannot be held for more than two terms that is, not exceeding 6 years whether continuously or intermittently. Malaysian election exists at two levels which are national level and state level. National level elections are those for membership in the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of Parliament, while state level elections are for membership in the various State Legislative Assemblies. The head of the executive branch, the Prime Minister, is indirectly elected. National level At the national level, voters elect the 222-member House of Representatives Dewan Rakyat, literally Hall of the People) of the bicameral Parliament. Members are elected from single-member constituencies drawn based on population using the first past the post system. The party that has the majority of the House of Representatives will form the federal government. The Constitution of Malaysia requires that a general election must be held at least once every five years. However, the Prime Minister can ask the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to dissolve the Parliament at any time before this five year period has expired. A general election should be held no later than three months after the dissolution of the Parliament. Over the years, the predominant winner of the parliamentary election has always been the Barisan Nasional (National Front; once known as the Alliance), a coalition of fourteen parties. State level At the state level, voters elect representatives to the Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly). The number of representatives varies between the different states, with as many as 62 electorates in Sarawak and as little as 15 in Perlis. Members are elected from single-member constituencies drawn based on population using the first-past-the-post system. State assembly constituencies are usually smaller (in area and population) than the parliamentary constituencies. The party that forms the majority of the state assembly will form the state government. Usually, state elections are held simultaneously with the parliamentary election but each state can decide when to hold its election. This is because state assemblies are dissolved by their respective Ruler or governor on the advice f the chief minister of the state. For example, in the 1999 general election, the state elections of the 11 states on Peninsular Malaysia were held simultaneously with the parliamentary election while the state elections of Sabah and Sarawak were held at different dates. In the 2004 general election, the state election of Sabah were held simultaneously with the parliamentary election as well, but Sarawak held its state election in 2006. The Barisan Nasional usually controls the state assemblies in every election, with the notable exception of the state of Kelantan. Kelantan has been a stronghold of the Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS) since 1959. However, Barisan Nasional lost an additional four states (Penang, Kedah, Perak and Selangor) to the loose coalition of opposition parties comprising of PAS, Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Peoples Justice Party (PKR) in the 2008 elections, which has been termed by the Opposition as the political tsunami of Malaysia. Local government elections Although there used to be elections for members of local governments such as municipal councils, today, no local government elections are held in Malaysia. Local government elections were suspended after the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation in 1964. The suspension was never lifted and instead made permanent under the Local Government Act 1976. Under the Act, or the laws of individual states where relevant, local government members are appointed by the state government. [2] After Minister and Peoples Progressive Party President M. Kayveas raised concerns about local governments in late 2005, some suggested reviving local government elections. However, in an opinion column, the New Straits Times (owned by the United Malays National Organisation or UMNO, leading party of the Barisan Nasional) quoted a professor from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia as saying that such elections would not be brought back because policymakers know from experience worldwide that the Opposition tends to dominate such councils as part of the electorates desire for checks-and-balances. The professor also stated that due to required constitutional changes, it would be difficult for such amendments to pass muster in Parliament. The column also quoted a government ministry as saying that holding elections are expensive affairs. As of 2008, the Pakatan Rakyat states governments would like to implement the local government election in their states. However, these were not carried out due to the Federal Constitution which prohibit the implementation. By-elections In addition to general elections, a by-election is held in the respective constituency when a member of Parliament or state assembly dies, resigns or is disqualified from holding a seat. The exception is if the vacancy occurs when the tenure for the current Parliament or state assembly is less than two years, where the seat is simply left vacant until the next general election. Election process Elections are supervised by a seven-member politically neutral Election Commission. Its members are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong following the advice of the Prime Minister. Nomination process Nomination centres are set up in various locations by the Election Commission to allow candidates to register themselves. Typically any Malaysian citizen may register as a candidate as long as he is not disqualified from doing so. He or she does so by filing the appropriate forms and placing a monetary deposit. The deposit was RM5000 to contest a parliamentary seat, or RM3000 to contest a state assembly seat. This amount was changed to RM 10,000 and RM 5,000 respectively in 2004. Additionally in 2004 it was required that each candidate provide a RM 5,000 deposit for cleaning up banners and posters after the election. This increase is seen by some as having led to the government winning a record number of seats without contest in 2004 (17 parliamentary seats were won without contest). The deposit is used to pay for infringements of election laws and is returned after polling day unless the candidate loses and fails to garner more than 1/8th of the vote. As of the 2004 elections, candidates may have a lawyer present at these proceedings. Some candidates have been disqualified from previous elections as they lacked the competence to fill in the forms correctly. In 2004 candidates were given 1 hour to fill out and return their nomination forms as opposed to 2 hours previously. This led to disqualification of certain candidates who were unaware of the change. Campaigning The campaign period permitted by law runs from the date of nomination day until polling day. Campaigning amongst opposition parties is often hampered by a lack of access to government-controlled media. Prior to the 1999 general election, opposition parties were given a brief period of airtime on the public Radio Television Malaysia (RTM) radio stations to broadcast their manifestoes. However, the government announced a change of policy in 1999, insisting that as RTM was government-owned, preference would be given to government parties. Election day On election day, registered voters may cast their ballot for their chosen candidate in a designated voting centre. These voting centres are typically schools or community centres which have been procured for that day. All activities in the school are suspended for that day. Holidays are also declared in states where Election Day does not fall on a weekend to allow maximum turnout. Certain political parties will provide transport for voters to and from the voting centre. While campaigning is not allowed on election day, transportation is seen as something of a social service, especially since many people did not have a personal means of conveyance until the last decade or two, as of 2004. No campaigning or advocacy for candidates is allowed within a voting centre. However, just outside the gate of most voting centers, there will be people plugging the various candidates. Agents Each candidate is allowed one agent per voting centre. Their job starts early and begins by inspecting that the metal ballot boxes have not been tampered. They also ensure that the boxes are securely locked before voting begins. After locking, the boxes are sealed by the election commission and each agent may place their own seal on the box. The agents also ensure that the ballot papers given out to voters do not contain markings. In the past certain parties have marked the ballot papers for their own candidates. This will result in a spoilt vote which is discarded during counting. Some ballot papers have been coated with waxy surfaces to prevent voting for certain candidates. The agents ensure that these events do not occur. The last task of the agent is to ensure that, on the close of voting, the ballot boxes are still secure and the seals are intact. This may be done at a designated counting centre instead of the voting centre. The boxes are opened once the agents are certain that there is no tampering. Voting process Only registered voters may vote in elections. Any Malaysian citizens above 21 years old must register in the voters registry with the Election Commission via any offices affiliated with the Election Commission, post offices with computerised facilities or specified counters, before he or she could vote in elections. After identity verification at a voting centre, each voter receives two paper ballots, one for the parliamentary seat of the constituency and another for the state assembly seat. In federal territories, where there is no state assembly, and states whose state election is held on a different date, each voter receives only one ballot for the parliamentary seat. Each voter walks into individual booth to mark the ballots in secret. The voter marks on each ballot the candidate of his or her choice with a cross beside the candidates name and party symbol. After finish marking, the voter folds the ballots and drops them into separate ballot boxes for parliamentary and state assembly seats. Counting and announcement of election results After the close of voting the election agents check the ballot boxes prior to opening and counting. They also monitor the counting to ensure that the total ballots are the same as the number of votes cast. This extends to checking the number of double votes. Every ballot paper has a serial number on it and they are given out sequentially. Agents may check that the serial numbers match up. The counting of the ballots is done by hand. After a count at the voting centre the boxes are transported to the counting centre for a second count. If all candidates agree to the count then it stands or else an immediate re-count is done at the counting centre. Election results are announced through live broadcasts by radio and television stations. Some newspapers print special editions to cover the election results. In most constituencies, the results will be out on the night of the election day. In some rural constituencies and constituencies that need recounts, the results may not be announced until the next day. Election offences There are a few offences under election law. Most of these pertain to acts which induce a voter to cast his ballot for a candidate. It is also an offence to use these actions to induce voters not to cast ballots at all. These offences extend to using third parties as agents to commit them. †¢It is an offence to provide food, drinks or refreshments with a view to induce voters to either vote for a particular candidate or not vote at all. It is illegal to provide monetary rewards for voting for a certain candidate. †¢It is an offence to threaten a person to vote for a candidate or not to vote. In 2004 this was extended to include spiritual threats. This was due to the Islamic Party of Malaysia(PAS) threatening citizens in less developed parts of the country with eternal damnation if they did not vote for the PAS and that a vote for them wo uld be rewarded by God. †¢It is an offence to obstruct passage to and from a voting centre. Setting up a location for any candidate within 50 yards (50 m) of the voting centre is an offence. Similarly, loitering in this zone is also an offence. Only voters are allowed in this zone on voting day. †¢It is technically an offence to provide transportation to a voting centre. However, this is not normally enforced as all parties do this to some degree. It is a further offence to use a vehicle that is normally rented out (such as a taxi or hired bus) to provide such transportation. The only exception to this is that it is allowed to provide for the crossing of rivers. No passengers of any vehicle can be forced to alight within 50 yards (46 m) of a candidates booth on voting day. Each candidate is not allowed to spend more than RM 200,000 (parliamentary) or RM 100,000 (state) for campaigning under Section 19 of the Elections Offences Act, 1954. It has been alleged, however, that the governing Barisan Nasional coalition spent around RM1. 5 billion in the 2004 general election, far more than the RM94,300,000 permitted under the regulations. Controversy Phantom voters   dead voters who participate in elections — were a feature of the 1999 and 2004 general elections criticized by the opposition. In 2006, the Election Commission announced that in an effort to reduce instances of phantom voting, 180,000 dead voters would be purged from the electoral roll. The Election Commissions independence has been criticized; its chairman has stated that although de jure the Commission is independent, the law is inadequate to put us on par with most developed countries, and some developing ones] Allegations of vote-buying are also common; one media outlet has editorialized that Buying political support, especially by paying voters money, is common in Malaysia, and bribing lawmakers to defect, while not widespread, is known to occur. Postal votes — military personnel are allowed postal voting whereby they do not need to be at any secure polling station in person. Arguments arise as to whether they were forced to vote and to how their identities cannot be kept a secret using the postal voting process. Of great concern is also how the postal votes may be distributed to constituents that need them the most. The impartial rules and process of this system, if any, are not comprehensive and cannot be guaranteed. Conclusion Malaysia comprises a constitutional monarchy while practicing parliamentary democracy. Constitutional monarchy means that the monarchy system adheres to the constitution. In Malaysia, the monarchy comprises the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong and the Conference of Rulers. As we practice parliamentary democracy, we see the Parliament as a very important body in this country. The parliament has the power to formulate laws and control the finances of the Government. Every Malaysian citizen above 21 years, has the right and the opportunity to choose their leaders once in every five years during the General Election. The party that has the majority of support from the citizens will form the government. In the parliament, the House of Representatives has greater power than the Senate, since all the members in the House of Representatives are elected by the citizens of Malaysia. This higher authority can be seen even in the process of formulating laws. As a country that retains its monarchy, we have the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong as the Supreme head of Malaysia, and as a country, which practices democracy, the citizens have the power to decide on the government that will lead the country. Hence, although the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong is the Supreme head of the country, he still needs to act on the advice of the Parliament and the Cabinet.

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Nike. Ethical Audit Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nike. Ethical Audit Report - Essay Example Also the ethical implications related to the disclosure method adopted by Nike related to its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) stature is discussed in detail. The company Nike has responded in a professional manner to the many labor issues it has faced over a span of the past 10 years. A detailed audit related to the ethics of the business and possible changes which can make the company Nike a better workplace are dealt with in this paper. Introduction Nike created a code of conduct related to work place ethics after it was seriously allegated of making women and children work under hazardous conditions with minimum wages especially in developing countries like China. Nike is a leading marketer of athletic apparel and shoes and it has its operations and sales outlets spread across the globe. Nike is not involved in the actual manufacturing of its products; rather the company is involved in designing the products marketed by it. Nike makes use of workers on a contract basis for t he purpose of manufacturing in nearly 600 factories which are scattered across the globe and employs almost 800,000 people (CSR Report, Nike, pg.25). With such a huge work force the company faces issues related to ethics at work place and as the company is globally accredited it also faces Corporate Social Responsibility related ethical dilemmas. Corporate companies have to follow a responsible path and make sure the way with which they act and take their business ahead is within the permissible limits of ethics. In the year 2004 Nike released its Corporate Social Responsibilities report, first of its kind in accordance with the Global Reporting Indicators (GRI). The mission of GRI deals with developing, publicizing sustainability guidelines and global responsibility. GRI is process oriented and the indicators can be made use of while reporting environmental, economic and social aspects related to products, services and activities of the company. In this research paper these GRI ind icators will be applied to perform the ethical social audit of the company Nike. As at present there is no strong code of conduct present to enforce labor standards on an international basis as many countries especially developing ones have limited ability in relation to enforcing labor laws (Cohen, Sabel, 2006). There were only 24,291 direct employees at Nike during the year 1990 who worked in the United States and the major work force in manufacturing factories of Nike was from developing countries on a contract basis. Nike has been criticized for the ethics of the company when it comes to outsourcing. In many of its factories across the globe the problems of low wages, human rights and poor working conditions were prevalent. Though the management at Nike did not accept responsibility for such poor work conditions at first, during the year 1992 a well formulated code of conduct in relation to the labor, health and environmental standards was observed and followed by Nike. The mini mum age for labors was increased to 18 years and all the footwear suppliers were insisted to adopt the United States Occupational and Safety Health Administration (OSHA) standards at work place. To deal with labor practices issues Nike created the Nike Environmental Action Team (NEAT) in the year 2000. There are more than 100 corporate responsibility managers at work in Nike at present and there are over 1000 production managers working across the globe. An ethics audit deals with the manner in which the ethical practices and procedures adopted by a company can be assessed. On a professional basis the ethical standards have moved from being comprehensive to being more detailed.

Managing the software enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managing the software enterprise - Essay Example Certain kinds of special configuration management software are also available to do the task in a more effective manner. When a system require software or hardware upgrade, a computer technician can accesses the program of the configuration management and database to see what is presently installed. The technician can then create a more informed decision regarding the upgrade needed. The major benefit of application of a configuration management is that the whole collection of systems can be evaluated to ensure any modification made to one system do not negatively affect any of the other systems. Configuration management is used to help estimate project cost and duration. It provides cost estimating support for the period of the planning and design stages of projects for optimization of the design and studies of value engineering, risk assessment life-cycle and cost analyses. Question 2 is based on a case study of an ERP system that, unlike the ‘Cisco’ case study looked at in the previous TMAs, failed. a. This part of the question relates to the management of resources. (10 marks) Vicro communications is a global provider of products and services that enable industries to communicate through digital and print technologies. As a prominent dealer of document formatted information, data based marketing and print outsourcing, they manufactures and delivers business communication products, Vicro designs, services and solutions to consumers. This case study consists mainly of three resource areas that include technical, human and financial or timescale components. The company undertake over 100 distribution and manufacturing services. About 14,000 employees, spreading over serving 47 countries work for them. It gives a leading edge in IT systems and provides modern solutions that allow firms to adapt to the dynamics of change. â€Å"Vicro is a large company with approximately 2.45 billion in 1999 and 2.26 billion dollars in 2000 revenue† (Tingey, et al. 2003). The relation between BPR and ERP Vicro provides project management, consulting, distribution of high volume and reengineering, customized connections to its customers. It also delivers personalized, simple to read documents planned to help a positive idea on an organization’s clients. The company has become a market leader in organizing critical business communications. It facilitates products and services that contain statement, government noticing, cards, plan member communication, policy holder and database marketing. The main technologies used by the company include mainframe systems to store centralized production data and provide the core functions of the business and client server technologies for growth as well as handling routine daily tasks. These processes mainly include email, web access, file transfer etc. b. This question relates to risk management. (10 marks) i. Risks can be ranked, according to which these must be tackled first when resources are scarce. Generally, risks with high severity and high likelihood of frequent occurrence must be tackled first, and risks with low severity and low frequency need to be accorded lower priority. In this case study, the main risk is organizational risks, which

Marketing in Jessops Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing in Jessops Company - Assignment Example Jessops is the UK’s premier photographic retailer operating from 206 stores and an online shop. According to its official website, Jessops has over 25 years expertise in supplying the public sector and commercial markets which enable it to offer its customers dedicated service from a customized solution. It currently uses direct as marketing where the staff will directly interact with customers through personal selling. It also uses online marketing to market an assortment of products which are related to photography. The organization is undergoing a liquidation process hence this report will seek to outline effective measures that can be put in place so as to ensure a long-term relationship with the customers. The realization that customer loyalty is an important consideration in long-term marketing success has been the most recent refinement of the marketing concept. Enlightened marketers have realized that there is need to forge a long-term relationship with the customers for the sake of viability and sustainability of the organization. Relationship marketing as a philosophy emphasizes forging long-term partnerships with the customers (Lamb et al 2008). Firms often build relationships with customers by offering value and providing satisfaction on a consistent basis. Firms that successfully implement relationship marketing benefit from repeat sales (loyalty) and referrals that lead to increases in sales, market share as well as profits (Strydom 2004). Normally, costs fall because it is less expensive to serve the existing customers than to attract the new customers. On the other hand, the customers also benefit from stable relationships with the organizations that offer different products and services. It is easier for the seller of a particular product to provide a quicker and more efficient, more  personalized as well as need satisfying service to the customer (Kotler 1999).

Neuroticism as a Predictor for Smoking

Neuroticism as a Predictor for Smoking Abstract To modern people, stress is a common obstacle that they face every day. Neurotic symptoms and smoking, which are the two typical symptoms of stress, might have a significant connection (Eysenck, 1965). In this research, we examined whether one’s neuroticism scale has significant relationship with one’s smoking behaviour. Furthermore, gender differences in both smoking habits and neuroticism scale have been analysed. A random sample of 64 female and male participants (Mage = 22.36 years) living in Selly Oak, Birmingham took part in this research. Statistical analyses from completed questionnaires demonstrated the relationship to be non-significant in neuroticism and smoking and gender differences in both smoking and neuroticism. To future research, neuroticism, a categorization of smokers by related features, might enable attempts at smoking cessation. Neuroticism as a Predictor of Cigarette Smoking  and Individual differences in Smoking: Gender To modern eyes, it may seem that their daily life is a fight against stress. Stress from work, school, relationship to social life, has been causing great influence on health of modern people negatively. Symptoms of stress not only include physical symptoms such as fatigue or insomnia, but also emotional and behavioural symptoms. Nervousness, a neurotic symptom, and smoking are the typical examples. Although stress is the main cause of all the diseases, symptoms themselves, neurotic symptoms and smoking, may have a significant association (Eysenck, 1965). By this time, numerous studies have been published related to this hypothesis with various results. Some studies examined that there was no evidence that the neurotic grade was related to the amount smoked (Waters, 1971), however, others stated that smoking behaviours are correlated with state anxiety and neuroticism (Herrà ¡n, 2000). In this paper, to replicate Water’s (1971) study towards smoking and neuroticism, we collected results which included standard questions on smoking behaviours, and also questions about their personality trait based on Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) from random female and male samples. Furthermore, gender differences in both smoking habits and neuroticism scale have been analysed. Method Sample Description A random sample of 64 female and male participants (age range from 18 to 52, Mage = 22.36 years) living in Selly Oak, Birmingham took part in this research. Completed questionnaire included questions on their current smoking habits, personality traits, and gender; age for demographic. Assessment Smoking Habits In smoking habits questionnaire, after the instruction, specifying age and gender was followed by three options in current smoking behaviour. The three options were – A) I have smoked a Cigarette within the past week, B) I previously smoked cigarette, but not within the past 6 months, and C) I have never smoked a Cigarette. Personality Factor: Neuroticism Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) was used in this study to assess the personality traits of the participant, with the result referred to as the Eysenck’s Personality Inventory (EPI) (1968). Statistical Analyses All analyses were performed using a Pearson Chi-square in order to identify whether there is an association between two categorical variables in each hypothesis. Results As their questionnaire results, participants were divided into three groups in their smoking status, two groups in gender, and three groups in neuroticism. First, participants who chose ‘Never smoked’ (n =27, 42.2%) option, had not smoked for their entire lifetime, participants who chose ‘Previously smoked’ (n=15, 23.4%) had not smoked within the past 6 months, and lastly participants who chose ‘Current smoking’ (n=22, 34.4%) were those who had smoked within the past week. Next, 34 female (Mage = 21 years) and 30 male (Mage = 23 years) participants were in each gender group. Third, in EPQ, we only coded twelve questions (number 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46 in Eysenck (1975)) which refer to neuroticism/stability scale out of total 48 yes/no questions. The neurotic grade (0 to 12) given in this paper is the sum of the affirmative replies to these questions. Three divided groups calculated by neurotic grades were ‘Low (0-4)’ (n=15, 23.4%), ‘Medium (5-8)’ (n=27, 42.2%), and ‘High (9-12)’ (n=22, 34.4%). Table 1. Smoking habits and neuroticism scale Neuroticism Scale n Smoking Status: % of n Never Previous Current Low (0-4) 15 37.0 26.7 4.5 Medium (5-8) 27 33.3 53.3 45.5 High (9-12) 22 29.6 20.0 50.0 Total 64 42.2 23.4 34.4 χ ² = .9188 (df =4), p = .057 Neuroticism as a Predictor of Cigarette Smoking Results of cigarette smoking behaviour, with neuroticism as the independent variable and the indicator variable (smoking habits) as dependent variable revealed that neuroticism was not significantly associated with whether the participants are never, previous, or current smoker as shown in Table 1. To be specific, according to Table 1, 37 % within smoking (Cigarette) behaviour, never smoker, of the participants showed ‘Low’ in neuroticism scale, whereas 53.3 % within smoking (Cigarette) behaviour, previous smoker, of the participants showed ‘Medium’ in neuroticism scale which had a slight difference towards the percentage within smoking (Cigarette) behaviour, current smoker, of the participants showed ‘High’(50 %), which if the former had a smaller percentage than the latter, smoking would have a direct proportional to neuroticism scale. Moreover, the results of the chi-square also showed no significant association between neuroticism scale and current smoking status (χ ² (4) = .9188, p = .057). Individual differences in Smoking: Gender Among the participants, more women were never smokers (15.6% men versus 26.6% women), whereas more men were current smokers (21.9% men versus 12.5% women). Gender differences among the previous smokers were small compared to other two groups (9.4% men versus 14.1% women). The differences were insignificant, showing that the association between gender and smoking habits is statistically non-significant (χ ² (2) = 3.816, p = .148) Gender differences in Neuroticism Although, more women scored ‘High’ on neuroticism scale than men (41.2% women versus 26.7% men; percentage within Gender), more men scored ‘Low’ and ‘Medium’ on neuroticism scale than women (26.7% men versus 20.6% women and 46.7% men versus 38.2% women; percentage within Gender). Neuroticism analysis by gender showed the relationship to be insignificant (χ ² (2) = 1.496, p = .473). Discussion In the current research, statistical analyses from completed questionnaires demonstrated the relationship to be non-significant in neuroticism and smoking and gender differences in both smoking and neuroticism. The present finding, that there is an insignificant correlation between the neurotic grade and one’s smoking behaviour, is in the same line with the conclusions of Water (1971), however, is in strife with the conclusions of Eastwood and Trevelyan (1971). Our results may have been affected by our lack of participants. The present data are based on a random 64 people on a voluntary basis of rather smaller numbers and with a narrow age range. Also, in our smoking questionnaire, there was a gap between the second option, previous smoker who had not smoke within the last 6 months, and the third option, current smoker, who had smoke within the past week. Participants who had smoke within the span of less than 6 months and more than the past week were included as previous smokers. However, the limitation toward non-delicate smoking habit questionnaire is minor because according to other studies, the options in smoking habits were more not sophisticated; non-smokers and smokers (Terra cciano, 2004). Result of neurotic grade and smoking habits had a minor difference to significant relationship; neuroticism scale seemed to vary in direct proportion to the participants’ current smoking status, therefore, various age range and sufficient number of participants are the factors that might have influenced the results to significant connection. To further research, neuroticism, a categorization of smokers by related features, might enable attempts at smoking cessation to be specific for each individual. The use of index of neuroticism might be value in assessing the effectiveness of different methods of preventing smoking and seems worth further investigation. To summarize, a standard questionnaires were completed by 64 individuals selected at random, asked about smoking habits and included questions from which a grade for neuroticism was obtained. The result demonstrated that, there is no evidence that the smokers are more neurotic than non-smokers, and there was no statistically significance between gender differences in both smoking habits and neuroticism scale. Reference Gorman, 1968 B. Gorman Social desirability factors and the Eysenck Personality Inventory Journal of Psychology, 69 (1968), pp. 75–83

Pacific Canadian Railroad :: essays research papers fc

Canadian Pacific Railway Development   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article was about the Canadian Pacific Railway. For over 100 years, the railway has practiced a tonnage based shipping model. Trains were to wait in their yards until there were enough shipments to justify a train journey from one point to another. The result of this method was that very few trains traveled, and that the trains that did travel were never on a regular schedule. This resulted in much inefficiency for the company. Some of the issues were trains were sitting in yards with half full loads for days, yard workers having inconsistent shifts and sometimes sitting around in case a train might leave that day, and most importantly, customers were uncertain of delivery times for their goods. The â€Å"efficient† movement model resulted in poor customer satisfaction and a rather large set of excess equipment such as train cars, locomotives, and workers. As a result, the profit of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) was very low and the company decide d it was time for a new model.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CPR hired MultiModal Applied Systems to help them formulate a solution. This solution was to have the guiding goals of more consistent train schedules, and higher customer service. The new approach was based on a small stepladder of models, which built off each other to form the final product. The first model was the block approach. A block was a group of cars with the same departure point and destination. The model worked to find how blocks of cars could be easily combined and separated in yards so that the most blocks possible, were moving at all times towards their final destination. Previously, trains had stopped at many or all yards along their long journey. Now, with the blocking model, some yards were bypassed and others were used with varying frequencies to help balance the workload of the yards and to make for more efficient paths for the blocks to travel on. This model had constraints based on the distance a block would travel compared to its shortest po ssible path, the busyness of yards, and the maximum length that a train could be. This model was worked on and reworked on a weekly basis, as new shipments were created, and thus each week a block would travel the most efficient path it could without over extending any other set of blocks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Outside or on top of the block model was the train model. Pacific Canadian Railroad :: essays research papers fc Canadian Pacific Railway Development   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article was about the Canadian Pacific Railway. For over 100 years, the railway has practiced a tonnage based shipping model. Trains were to wait in their yards until there were enough shipments to justify a train journey from one point to another. The result of this method was that very few trains traveled, and that the trains that did travel were never on a regular schedule. This resulted in much inefficiency for the company. Some of the issues were trains were sitting in yards with half full loads for days, yard workers having inconsistent shifts and sometimes sitting around in case a train might leave that day, and most importantly, customers were uncertain of delivery times for their goods. The â€Å"efficient† movement model resulted in poor customer satisfaction and a rather large set of excess equipment such as train cars, locomotives, and workers. As a result, the profit of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) was very low and the company decide d it was time for a new model.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CPR hired MultiModal Applied Systems to help them formulate a solution. This solution was to have the guiding goals of more consistent train schedules, and higher customer service. The new approach was based on a small stepladder of models, which built off each other to form the final product. The first model was the block approach. A block was a group of cars with the same departure point and destination. The model worked to find how blocks of cars could be easily combined and separated in yards so that the most blocks possible, were moving at all times towards their final destination. Previously, trains had stopped at many or all yards along their long journey. Now, with the blocking model, some yards were bypassed and others were used with varying frequencies to help balance the workload of the yards and to make for more efficient paths for the blocks to travel on. This model had constraints based on the distance a block would travel compared to its shortest po ssible path, the busyness of yards, and the maximum length that a train could be. This model was worked on and reworked on a weekly basis, as new shipments were created, and thus each week a block would travel the most efficient path it could without over extending any other set of blocks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Outside or on top of the block model was the train model.

Iraq Backlash

The main argument in this article is that the continued involvement of the United States in the war in Iraq will lead to unforeseen and even disastrous consequences such as a civil war or even global war given the fact that the United States is ill equipped at dealing with the insurgents and in properly identifying its role in the conflict and the impact of its continued involvement in the war.The writer presents his views by first defining what backlash is and proceeding to show the escalating death toll and skirmishes that have happened in Iraq since the United States has gotten involved. The writer then paints a grim picture of future that lies ahead if the United States continues its policies and involvement in the conflicts in the Middle East and the war in Iraq.The view presented by the writer is correct to the extent that the continued involvement of the United States could indeed make them the victim of unforeseen and disastrous consequences such a rising casualties of the ar med forces currently stationed there and of the civilians. The continued involvement in Iraq could also be detrimental to the United States economy as any conflict in the Middle East causes the price of oil to rise and directly affects the economic output of any country.A prolonged war, as in this case, caused by continued United States involvement will definitely affect its economy in the long run. The writer however is too quick to point out that global war will be the direct effect of such actions. There is no substantial evidence to show that this will indeed result to a world war III or a world war IV. The other world leaders have been quick to show that the United States is acting on its own accord and have refused to lend any aid in the war in Iraq.

Celebrating Black History Month

Celebrating Black History Month While the accomplishments of African-Americans should be celebrated all year long, February is the month when we focus on their contributions to American society. Why We Celebrate Black History Month The roots of Black History month can be traced to the early part of the 20th century. In 1925, Carter G. Woodson, an educator and historian, began campaigning among schools, journals and black newspapers calling for a Negro History Week to be celebrated. This would honor the importance of black achievement and contribution in the United States. He was able to institute this Negro History Week in 1926 during the second week of February. This time was chosen because Abraham Lincolns and Frederick Douglass birthdays occurred then. Woodson was awarded the Springarn Medal from the NAACP for his accomplishment. In 1976, Negro History Week turned into Black History Month which we celebrate today. Read more about Carter Woodson. African Origins It is important for students not only to understand recent history concerning African-Americans, but also to understand their past. Before Great Britain made it illegal for the colonists to be involved in the slave trade, between 600,000 and 650,000 Africans were forcibly brought to America. They were transported across the Atlantic and sold into forced labor for the rest of their lives, leaving family and home behind. As teachers, we should not only teach about the horrors of slavery, but also about the African origin of the African-Americans who live in America today. Slavery has existed throughout the world since ancient times. However, one big difference between slavery in many cultures and the slavery that was experienced in America was that while slaves in other cultures could gain freedom and become part of society, African-Americans did not have that luxury. Because almost all of the Africans on American soil were slaves, it was extremely hard for any black person who had gained freedom to be accepted into society. Even after slavery was abolished following the Civil War, black Americans had a difficult time of being accepted into society. Here are some resources to use with students: SlaveryAfricaCivil WarCivil War Photos Civil Rights Movement The barriers facing African-Americans after the Civil War were numerous, especially in the South. Jim Crow Laws such as Literacy Tests and Grandfather Clauses kept them from voting in many southern states. Further, the Supreme Court ruled that separate was equal and therefore blacks could legally be forced to ride in separate rail cars and attend different schools than whites. It was impossible for blacks to achieve equality in this atmosphere, especially in the South. Eventually, the hardships that African-Americans faced became overwhelming and led to the Civil Rights Movement. Despite the efforts of individuals such as Martin Luther King, Jr., racism still exists today in America. As teachers, we need to fight against this with the best tool we have, education. We can enhance students views of African-Americans by stressing the numerous contributions they have given to American society. Civil Rights MovementMartin Luther King, Jr. Biography Contributions of African-Americans African-Americans have affected the culture and history of the United States in innumerable ways. We can teach our students about these contributions in many areas including: Music - e.g., Billy Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, Duke Ellington, Jazz, Rhythm and BluesArt - e.g., Sargent Johnson, Palmer Hayden, Aaron DouglassLiterature - e.g., Ralph Ellison, Maya Angelou, Richard WrightScience - e.g., George Washington Carver, Granville T. Woods, Garrett Morgan The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s is ripe for exploration. Students could create a museum of the accomplishments to increase awareness for the rest of the school and community. Online Activites One way to get your students interested in learning more about African-Americans, their history and culture is to utilize the many great online activities that are available. You can find web quests, online field trips, interactive quizzes and more here. Check out Integrating Technology Into the Classroom to get tips on how to get the most out of technology today.

the fear of food Essay

the fear of food Essay the fear of food Essay Dear governor, As a concerned citizen of your town, it has come to my attention that the Governor of NJ wants to impose calorie intake restrictions on fast food restaurants and that this will result in many popular items being removed from the menu. I completely agree with this idea for the following reasons: Junk food is a major cause of childhood obesity, eating junk food as a primary method of nourishment will lead to diseases and illness, and Junk food is a major cause of childhood obesity. 32% of youth are overweight and nearly 70% are unfit. The fast food offered contributes to this problem. A single can of soda has as much as 13 teaspoons of sugar in the form of high- fructose corn syrup. Many of these sodas are available at fast food restaurants at low prices as well as many other completely unhealthy foods like chips. Lunches have a very high fat content and fast food restaurants supplies residents with the same commodity foods as prisons. Due to the lack of fresh and flavorful food, many people will choose to buy cheap junk food offered instead. If we could cut down on these junk foods, then we may be able to solve this problem. Secondly, eating junk food as a primary method of nourishment will lead to diseases and illness because your body is being deprived from its needed nutrias. Obesity, diabetic, Hypertension, cancer and other chronic diseases are highly related to fast food. It has more calories on average mea l than healthy food do, leading to greater

Staffing Organizations-Part 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Staffing Organizations-Part 1 - Essay Example Be clear. Be polite. Know people’s names, and use them. Recognize that everyone has a life outside work. Show sensitivity, be accommodating, and don’t pry†Ã‚  (Fox, 2012). The employees should be told how they are to address those in authority. The names should be said clearly and slowly during introduction sessions with new workers so that they recognize the correct pronunciation. Spelling the name would not hurt and will only help. Follow these rules to maintain harmonious relations with the staff: keep an even tone while talking, as tone plays an important role in communication. Correcting mistakes, one of the best ways to help employees reach their potential, can be done very politely and in a private space. Shouting at people, even those of them who deserve it, is infrequently effective. Try maximum as to provide clear directions. Nobody is perfect and this just opens room for even the authoritarians to commit errors, which requires them to own up to their mi stakes. If someone else is responsible for a mistake, the error should not be focused on more, rather the circumstances and solutions should be sought after. 2. Suggest ways in which you can avoid claims of disparate treatment. Human Resource Departments require handling circumstances efficiently with similar treatment of every employee in order to avoid discrimination under human rights and further federal discrimination laws covering various elements such as age and disabilities. Follow a detailed process of documentation as well as keep a checklist to avoid bias complaints in the industry. Disparate treatment care for employees should be provided less positively based on religious views, age, sex, race, national identity or ethnicity. An outline of discrimination of laws in the US would lead to an illegal execution of lawsuit that can provide the courts with a reason to allow a worker on disparate treatment. If some employees are warned before termination while others are not, bu siness shows weakness under discrimination laws and disparate treatment. 3. Identify the type of external influences that could hinder staffing and how you would address  them. Staffing procedures are very important to any institution, as they determine the value of workers. Many internal issues influence the staffing procedure along with external issues.  If workers are to perform well, certain actions need to be taken to ensure calm and planned work surroundings.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In the staffing organizations model, staffing system management is needed to provide direction and control for the staffing system components and external influences.   Essential to that process is the concept of business ethics.   Ethical practices seek to raise ethical expectations, encourage ethics discussions, encourage ethical decision making, and prevent and/or identify misconduct†Ã‚  (Staffing Organizations, n.d.). Some of the major external issues that could hinder staffing include the foll owing: Micro-management Poor leadership Low compensation Not enough training Little appreciation 4. Create a plan that you can use to deal with employee shortages and surpluses. The biggest labor problem that a small business owner would confront is definitely that

Family Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family Law - Essay Example It is significant to note that marriage will always remain a viable institution because it focuses on procreation, which ensures continuity of humanity. Further, marriage assists in nurturing stronger and intelligent communities that generates a more steady society (Statsky 16). As much as technology has helped marriages, its negative effects on the institution are far reaching. For instance, social networking has led to broke many marriages because of addiction to the internet in order to keep up with the current events. Some married couples are unable to stay away from the internet and in turn give little attention to their families. Some couple through social media sites like Face book and Twitter sends flirty messages to the friends that can affect marriage in a negative manner (Statsky 32). Technology has assisted married couples to connect with old friends. Such freedom of connecting with old friends may bring suspicion to one partner in the institution because they can think his or her husband is flirting past lovers and in turn it leads to mistrust which eventually break the marriage. Since social networking encompasses things such as photo, chats, comments and information sharing, sometimes one partner who engages in social networking may make unreasonable decision in how they socialize with other people online. Unwanted behavior may be seen in the nature of sending flirty messages and sharing unsuitable videos and photos. Divorce is the legal dissolution of marriage between involved couples. Divorce cases are increasing tremendously and especially in the United States. Since the 20th century, marriage breaks have been breaking up and the peak was in the 1970s with the institution of no fault divorce. In State laws, the divorce can occur if any form of abuse directed to one partner can cause a great deal in marriage break. Abuse may take many forms including emotional